引例
问题:
现在有一只羊(包含属性:名字Dolly、年龄2),需要克隆10只属性完全相同的羊。
一般解法:
定义Sheep类表示羊,包括构造器、getter()和toString()。
public class Sheep { private String name; private int age; public Sheep(String name, int age) { this.name = name; this.age = age; } public String getName() { return name; } public int getAge() { return age; } @Override public String toString() { return "Sheep{" + "name='" + name + '\'' + ", age=" + age + '}'; } }
在客户端实例化多利,然后再根据多利的属性去实例化10只羊。
public class Client { public static void main(String[] args) { Sheep sheepDolly=new Sheep("Dolly",2); Sheep sheep1 = new Sheep(sheepDolly.getName(), sheepDolly.getAge()); Sheep sheep2 = new Sheep(sheepDolly.getName(), sheepDolly.getAge()); Sheep sheep3 = new Sheep(sheepDolly.getName(), sheepDolly.getAge()); //.... System.out.println(sheep1+",hashCode:"+sheep1.hashCode()); System.out.println(sheep2+",hashCode:"+sheep2.hashCode()); System.out.println(sheep3+",hashCode:"+sheep3.hashCode()); //... } }
运行结果
优缺点:
这种方法是我们首先很容易就能想到的,也是绝大多数人的第一做法。
但缺点也很明显,每次创建新对象时需要获取原始对象的属性,对象复杂时效率很低;此外不能动态获得对象运行时的状态,若类增减属性需要改动代码。
下面我们看下原型模式的解法。
原型模式
原型模式(Prototype Pattern)是一种创建型设计模式,允许一个对象再创建另外一个可定制的对象,无需知道如何创建的细节。即用原型实例指定创建对象的种类,并且通过拷贝这些原型,创建新的对象。
工作原理:将原型对象传给那个要发动创建的对象,这个要发动创建的对象通过请求原型对象拷贝它们自己来实施创建。即用基类Object的clone()方法或序列化。
UML类图:
Prototype:原型类,声明一个克隆自己的接口 ConcretePrototype: 具体的原型类, 实现一个克隆自己的操作 Client: 客户端让一个原型对象克隆自己,从而创建一个新的对象原型模式又可分为浅拷贝和深拷贝,区别在于对引用数据类型的成员变量的拷贝,小朋友你是否有很多问号? 不急 ,看完这两种方法实现你就懂了。
浅拷贝
在原先Sheep类基础上实现Cloneable接口,重写clone方法。
public class Sheep implements Cloneable{ private String name; private int age; @Override protected Object clone() {//克隆该实例,使用默认的clone方法来完成 Sheep sheep = null; try { sheep = (Sheep)super.clone(); } catch (Exception e) { System.out.println(e.getMessage()); } return sheep; } public Sheep(String name, int age) { this.name = name; this.age = age; } @Override public String toString() { return "Sheep{" + "name='" + name + '\'' + ", age=" + age + '}'; } }
客户端调用
public class Client { public static void main(String[] args) { Sheep sheepDolly=new Sheep("Dolly",2); Sheep sheep1 = (Sheep)sheepDolly.clone(); Sheep sheep2 = (Sheep)sheepDolly.clone(); Sheep sheep3 = (Sheep)sheepDolly.clone(); //.... System.out.println("sheep1:"+sheep1+",hashCode:" + sheep1.hashCode()); System.out.println("sheep2:"+sheep2+",hashCode:" + sheep2.hashCode()); System.out.println("sheep3:"+sheep3+",hashCode:" + sheep3.hashCode()); //... } }
运行结果
至此,原型模式的浅拷贝也成功克隆了三个对象,但是看进度条发现并不简单。
现在小羊有了一个朋友小牛,Sheep类添加了一个引用属性Cow,我们同样再克隆一遍。
Sheep类
public class Sheep implements Cloneable{ private String name; private int age; public Cow friend;//新朋友Cow对象,其余不变 @Override protected Object clone() { Sheep sheep = null; try { sheep = (Sheep)super.clone(); } catch (Exception e) { System.out.println(e.getMessage()); } return sheep; } public Sheep(String name, int age) { this.name = name; this.age = age; } @Override public String toString() { return "Sheep{" + "name='" + name + '\'' + ", age=" + age + '}'; } }
新添的Cow类
public class Cow { private String name; private int age; public Cow(String name, int age) { this.name = name; this.age = age; } @Override public String toString() { return "Cow{" + "name='" + name + '\'' + ", age=" + age + '}'; } }
客户端调用克隆
public class Client { public static void main(String[] args) { Sheep sheepDolly=new Sheep("Dolly",2); sheepDolly.friend=new Cow("Tom",1); //并实例化朋友 Sheep sheep1 = (Sheep)sheepDolly.clone(); Sheep sheep2 = (Sheep)sheepDolly.clone(); Sheep sheep3 = (Sheep)sheepDolly.clone(); //.... System.out.println("sheep1:"+sheep1+",hashCode:" + sheep1.hashCode()); System.out.println("sheep1.friend:"+sheep1.friend+",hashCode:" + sheep1.friend.hashCode()+'\n'); System.out.println("sheep2:"+sheep2+",hashCode:" + sheep2.hashCode()); System.out.println("sheep2.friend:"+sheep2.friend+",hashCode:" + sheep2.friend.hashCode()+'\n'); System.out.println("sheep3:"+sheep3+",hashCode:" + sheep3.hashCode()); System.out.println("sheep3.friend:"+sheep3.friend+",hashCode:" + sheep3.friend.hashCode()+'\n'); //... } }
运行结果
通过运行结果发现,浅拷贝通过Object的clone()成功克隆实例化了三个新对象,但是并没有克隆实例化对象中的引用属性,也就是没有克隆friend对象(禁止套娃 ),三个新克隆对象的friend还是指向原克隆前的friend,即同一个对象。
这样的话,他们四个的friend是引用同一个,若一个对象修改了friend属性,势必会影响其他三个对象的该成员变量值。
小结:
浅拷贝是使用默认的 clone()方法来实现 基本数据类型的成员变量,浅拷贝会直接进行值传递(复制属性值给新对象)。 引用数据类型的成员变量,浅拷贝会进行引用传递(复制引用值(内存地址)给新对象)。深拷贝
方法一:
机灵的人儿看出,再clone一遍cow不就好了,但是手动递归下去不推荐。
1.Cow类也实现Cloneable接口
public class Cow implements Cloneable{ private String name; private int age; public Cow(String name, int age) { this.name = name; this.age = age; } //无引用类型,直接clone即可 @Override protected Object clone() throws CloneNotSupportedException { return super.clone(); //直接抛出了,没用try-catch } @Override public String toString() { return "Cow{" + "name='" + name + '\'' + ", age=" + age + '}'; } }
Sheep类的clone再添加调用cow的clone
public class Sheep implements Cloneable{ private String name; private int age; public Cow friend;//新朋友Cow对象,其余不变 @Override protected Object clone() throws CloneNotSupportedException { Object deep = null; //完成对基本数据类型(属性)和String的克隆 deep = super.clone(); //对引用类型的属性,进行再次clone Sheep sheep = (Sheep)deep; sheep.friend = (Cow)friend.clone(); return sheep; } public Sheep(String name, int age) { this.name = name; this.age = age; } @Override public String toString() { return "Sheep{" + "name='" + name + '\'' + ", age=" + age + '}'; } }
客户端调用
public class Client { public static void main(String[] args) throws CloneNotSupportedException { Sheep sheepDolly=new Sheep("Dolly",2); sheepDolly.friend=new Cow("Tom",1); //并实例化朋友 Sheep sheep1 = (Sheep)sheepDolly.clone(); Sheep sheep2 = (Sheep)sheepDolly.clone(); Sheep sheep3 = (Sheep)sheepDolly.clone(); //.... System.out.println("sheep1:"+sheep1+",hashCode:" + sheep1.hashCode()); System.out.println("sheep1.friend:"+sheep1.friend+",hashCode:" + sheep1.friend.hashCode()+'\n'); System.out.println("sheep2:"+sheep2+",hashCode:" + sheep2.hashCode()); System.out.println("sheep2.friend:"+sheep2.friend+",hashCode:" + sheep2.friend.hashCode()+'\n'); System.out.println("sheep3:"+sheep3+",hashCode:" + sheep3.hashCode()); System.out.println("sheep3.friend:"+sheep3.friend+",hashCode:" + sheep3.friend.hashCode()+'\n'); //... } }
运行结果
方法二:
通过对象序列化实现深拷贝(推荐)
1.Cow类实现序列化接口,不必实现Cloneable接口了
public class Cow implements Serializable { private String name; private int age; public Cow(String name, int age) { this.name = name; this.age = age; } @Override public String toString() { return "Cow{" + "name='" + name + '\'' + ", age=" + age + '}'; } }
2.在Sheep类实现序列化接口
public class Sheep implements Serializable { //实现序列化接口 private String name; private int age; public Cow friend; public Sheep(String name, int age) { this.name = name; this.age = age; } @Override public String toString() { return "Sheep{" + "name='" + name + '\'' + ", age=" + age + '}'; } public Object deepClone() { //深拷贝 //创建流对象 ByteArrayOutputStream bos = null; ObjectOutputStream oos = null; ByteArrayInputStream bis = null; ObjectInputStream ois = null; try { //序列化 bos = new ByteArrayOutputStream(); oos = new ObjectOutputStream(bos); oos.writeObject(this); //当前这个对象以对象流的方式输出 //反序列化 bis = new ByteArrayInputStream(bos.toByteArray()); ois = new ObjectInputStream(bis); Sheep sheep = (Sheep) ois.readObject(); return sheep; } catch (Exception e) { e.printStackTrace(); return null; } finally { //关闭流 try { bos.close(); oos.close(); bis.close(); ois.close(); } catch (Exception e2) { System.out.println(e2.getMessage()); } } } }
3.客户端调用
public class Client { public static void main(String[] args) throws CloneNotSupportedException { Sheep sheepDolly=new Sheep("Dolly",2); sheepDolly.friend=new Cow("Tom",1); //并实例化朋友 Sheep sheep1 = (Sheep)sheepDolly.deepClone(); Sheep sheep2 = (Sheep)sheepDolly.deepClone(); Sheep sheep3 = (Sheep)sheepDolly.deepClone(); //.... System.out.println("sheep1:"+sheep1+",hashCode:" + sheep1.hashCode()); System.out.println("sheep1.friend:"+sheep1.friend+",hashCode:" + sheep1.friend.hashCode()+'\n'); System.out.println("sheep2:"+sheep2+",hashCode:" + sheep2.hashCode()); System.out.println("sheep2.friend:"+sheep2.friend+",hashCode:" + sheep2.friend.hashCode()+'\n'); System.out.println("sheep3:"+sheep3+",hashCode:" + sheep3.hashCode()); System.out.println("sheep3.friend:"+sheep3.friend+",hashCode:" + sheep3.friend.hashCode()+'\n'); //... } }
运行结果
原型模式总结:
创建新的对象比较复杂时,可以利用原型模式简化对象的创建过程,同时也能够提高效率 可以不用重新初始化对象,动态地获得对象运行时的状态。 如果原始对象发生变化(增加或者减少属性),其它克隆对象的也会发生相应的变化,无需修改代码 若成员变量无引用类型,浅拷贝clone即可;若引用类型的成员变量很少,可考虑递归实现clone,否则推荐序列化。总结
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