C/C++ 工程提供 Python 接口，有利于融合进 Python 的生态。现在 Python 在应用层，有其得天独厚的优势。尤其因为人工智能和大数据的推波助澜， Python 现在以及未来，将长期是最流行的语言之一。
那 C/C++ 怎么提供 Python 接口呢？
ctypes: C 与 Python 绑定， Python 内建模块 Boost.Python: C++ 与 Python 绑定， Boost 模块 pybind11: C++11 与 Python 绑定， 减去了旧 C++ 支持，更轻量化本文将介绍 pybind11 的环境准备与入门使用。
pybind11: https://github.com/pybind/pybind11
环境准备
pybind11 是一个 header-only 的库，换句话说，只需要 C++ 项目里直接 include pybind11 的头文件就能使用。
这里则介绍如何于 CMake 里引入 pybind11 。而更多编译系统的介绍，可见官方文档 Build systems 。
获取 pybind11
可以 git submodule 添加子模块，最好固定为某个版本：
git submodule add https://github.com/pybind/pybind11.git third_party/pybind11-2.5.0 cd third_party/pybind11-2.5.0/ git checkout tags/v2.5.0
或者，直接获取源码，放进相应子目录即可。
添加进 CMake
CMakeLists.txt 里 add_subdirectory pybind11 的路径，再用其提供的 pybind11_add_module 就能创建 pybind11 的模块了。
cmake_minimum_required(VERSION 3.1)
project(start-pybind11 VERSION 0.1.0 LANGUAGES C CXX)
set(MY_PYBIND ${MY_CURR}/third_party/pybind11-2.5.0)
add_subdirectory(${MY_PYBIND})
pybind11_add_module(example_pb example_pb.cpp)
如果想在已有 C++ 动态库上扩展 pybind11 绑定，那么 target_link_libraries 链接该动态库就可以了。
target_link_libraries(example_pb PUBLIC example)
绑定一个函数
我们先实现一个 add 函数，
int add(int i, int j) {
return i + j;
}
为了简化工程，可以直接实现在 example_pb.cpp 里，
#include <pybind11/pybind11.h>
namespace py = pybind11;
int add(int i, int j) {
return i + j;
}
PYBIND11_MODULE(example_pb, m) {
m.doc() = "example_pb bindings";
m.def("add", &add, "A function which adds two numbers");
}
之后，于 CMakeLists.txt 所在目录，执行 cmake 编译就完成了。
示例代码
first_steps.h first_steps.cc first_steps_pb.cc绑定一个类
我们先实现一个定时触发器的类。使用如下：
#include <iostream>
#include "tick.h"
int main(int argc, char const *argv[]) {
(void)argc;
(void)argv;
Tick tick(500, 5000);
tick.SetTickEvent([&tick](std::int64_t elapsed_ms) {
std::cout << "elapsed: " << elapsed_ms << " ms" << std::endl;
if (elapsed_ms >= 2000) {
tick.Stop();
}
});
tick.Start();
tick.WaitLifeOver();
return 0;
}
运行结果：
$ ./_output/bin/cpp_thread_callback/tick_test
elapsed: 0 ms
elapsed: 500 ms
elapsed: 1000 ms
elapsed: 1500 ms
elapsed: 2000 ms
该类的声明如下：
using TickEvent = std::function<void(std::int64_t elapsed_ms)>;
using TickRunCallback = std::function<void()>;
class Tick {
public:
using clock = std::chrono::high_resolution_clock;
Tick(std::int64_t tick_ms,
std::int64_t life_ms = std::numeric_limits<std::int64_t>::max());
Tick(TickEvent tick_event, std::int64_t tick_ms,
std::int64_t life_ms = std::numeric_limits<std::int64_t>::max(),
TickRunCallback run_beg = nullptr,
TickRunCallback run_end = nullptr);
virtual ~Tick();
bool IsRunning() const;
void Start();
void Stop(bool wait_life_over = false);
const std::chrono::time_point<clock> &GetTimeStart() const;
void SetTickEvent(TickEvent &&tick_event);
void SetTickEvent(const TickEvent &tick_event);
void SetRunBegCallback(TickRunCallback &&run_beg);
void SetRunBegCallback(const TickRunCallback &run_beg);
void SetRunEndCallback(TickRunCallback &&run_end);
void SetRunEndCallback(const TickRunCallback &run_end);
void WaitLifeOver();
protected:
// ...
};
然后， pybind11 绑定实现如下：
#include <pybind11/pybind11.h>
#include <pybind11/chrono.h>
#include <pybind11/functional.h>
#include <memory>
#include "cpp/cpp_thread_callback/tick.h"
namespace py = pybind11;
using namespace pybind11::literals; // NOLINT
PYBIND11_MODULE(tick_pb, m) {
m.doc() = "tick_pb bindings";
py::class_<Tick, std::shared_ptr<Tick>>(m, "Tick")
.def(py::init<std::int64_t, std::int64_t>())
.def(py::init<TickEvent, std::int64_t, std::int64_t,
TickRunCallback, TickRunCallback>())
.def_property_readonly("is_running", &Tick::IsRunning)
.def("start", &Tick::Start)
.def("stop", &Tick::Stop, "wait_life_over"_a = false)
.def("get_time_start", &Tick::GetTimeStart)
.def("set_tick_event", [](Tick &self, const TickEvent &tick_event) {
self.SetTickEvent(tick_event);
})
.def("set_run_beg_callback", [](Tick &self,
const TickRunCallback &run_beg) {
self.SetRunBegCallback(run_beg);
})
.def("set_run_end_callback", [](Tick &self,
const TickRunCallback &run_end) {
self.SetRunEndCallback(run_end);
})
.def("wait_life_over", &Tick::WaitLifeOver,
py::call_guard<py::gil_scoped_release>());
}
编译出动态库后，把路径添加进 PYTHONPATH：
export PYTHONPATH=<path>:$PYTHONPATH # 依赖其他动态库的话，把路径添加进 LIBRARY_PATH # Linux export LD_LIBRARY_PATH=<path>:$LD_LIBRARY_PATH # macOS export DYLD_LIBRARY_PATH=<path>:$DYLD_LIBRARY_PATH
之后，就可以于 Python 里调用了：
#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
# pylint: disable=missing-docstring, import-error
import tick_pb as tick
def _main():
t = tick.Tick(lambda elapsed_ms: print(f"elapsed: {elapsed_ms} ms"),
500, 1000,
lambda: print("run beg"), lambda: print("run end"))
t.start()
t.wait_life_over()
if __name__ == "__main__":
_main()
运行结果：
$ python src/pybind/cpp_thread_callback/tick_test.py
run beg
elapsed: 0 ms
elapsed: 500 ms
elapsed: 1000 ms
run end
示例代码
tick.h tick.cc tick_test.cc tick_pb.cc tick_test.py运行示例代码
获取代码，
git clone https://github.com/ikuokuo/start-pybind11.git # 获取子模块 cd start-pybind11/ git submodule update --init
编译安装，
# 依赖 cmake cd start-pybind11/ make install
编译结果，
$ tree _install _install ├── bin │ └── cpp_thread_callback │ └── tick_test └── lib ├── cpp_thread_callback │ ├── libtick.0.1.0.dylib │ ├── libtick.0.1.dylib -> libtick.0.1.0.dylib │ ├── libtick.dylib -> libtick.0.1.dylib │ ├── tick_pb.0.1.0.cpython-37m-darwin.so │ ├── tick_pb.0.1.cpython-37m-darwin.so -> tick_pb.0.1.0.cpython-37m-darwin.so │ └── tick_pb.cpython-37m-darwin.so -> tick_pb.0.1.cpython-37m-darwin.so └── first_steps ├── first_steps_pb.0.1.0.cpython-37m-darwin.so ├── first_steps_pb.0.1.cpython-37m-darwin.so -> first_steps_pb.0.1.0.cpython-37m-darwin.so ├── first_steps_pb.cpython-37m-darwin.so -> first_steps_pb.0.1.cpython-37m-darwin.so ├── libfirst_steps.0.1.0.dylib ├── libfirst_steps.0.1.dylib -> libfirst_steps.0.1.0.dylib └── libfirst_steps.dylib -> libfirst_steps.0.1.dylib 5 directories, 13 files
添加路径，
$ source setup.bash first_steps cpp_thread_callback DYLD_LIBRARY_PATH, PYTHONPATH + /Users/John/Workspace/Self/ikuokuo/start-pybind11/_install/lib/first_steps + /Users/John/Workspace/Self/ikuokuo/start-pybind11/_install/lib/cpp_thread_callback
运行示例，
$ python src/pybind/cpp_thread_callback/tick_test.py run beg elapsed: 0 ms elapsed: 500 ms elapsed: 1000 ms run end
结语
Go coding!
总结
