1. 循环依赖是什么？
Bean A 依赖 B，Bean B 依赖 A这种情况下出现循环依赖。
Bean A → Bean B → Bean A
更复杂的间接依赖造成的循环依赖如下。
Bean A → Bean B → Bean C → Bean D → Bean E → Bean A
2. 循环依赖会产生什么结果？
当Spring正在加载所有Bean时，Spring尝试以能正常创建Bean的顺序去创建Bean。
例如，有如下依赖:
Bean A → Bean B → Bean C
Spring先创建beanC，接着创建bean B（将C注入B中)，最后创建bean A(将B注入A中)。
但当存在循环依赖时，Spring将无法决定先创建哪个bean。这种情况下，Spring将产生异常BeanCurrentlyInCreationException。
当使用构造器注入时经常会发生循环依赖问题。如果使用其它类型的注入方式能够避免这种问题。
3. 构造器注入循环依赖实例
首先定义两个相互通过构造器注入依赖的bean。
@Component
public class CircularDependencyA {
private CircularDependencyB circB;
@Autowired
public CircularDependencyA(CircularDependencyB circB) {
this.circB = circB;
}
}
@Component
public class CircularDependencyB {
private CircularDependencyA circA;
@Autowired
public CircularDependencyB(CircularDependencyA circA) {
this.circA = circA;
}
}
@Configuration
@ComponentScan(basePackages = { "com.baeldung.circulardependency" })
public class TestConfig {
}
@RunWith(SpringJUnit4ClassRunner.class)
@ContextConfiguration(classes = { TestConfig.class })
public class CircularDependencyTest {
@Test
public void givenCircularDependency_whenConstructorInjection_thenItFAIls() {
// Empty test; we just want the context to load
}
}
运行方法givenCircularDependency_whenConstructorInjection_thenItFails将会产生异常：
BeanCurrentlyInCreationException: Error creating bean with name ‘circularDependencyA': Requested bean is currently in creation: Is there an unresolvable circular reference?
4.解决方法
处理这种问题目前有如下几种常见方式。
4.1 重新设计
重新设计结构，消除循环依赖。
4.2 使用注解 @Lazy
一种最简单的消除循环依赖的方式是通过延迟加载。在注入依赖时，先注入代理对象，当首次使用时再创建对象完成注入。
@Component
public class CircularDependencyA {
private CircularDependencyB circB;
@Autowired
public CircularDependencyA(@Lazy CircularDependencyB circB) {
this.circB = circB;
}
}
使用@Lazy后，运行代码，可以看到异常消除。
4.3 使用Setter/Field注入
Spring文档建议的一种方式是使用setter注入。当依赖最终被使用时才进行注入。对前文的样例代码少做修改，来观察测试效果。
@Component
public class CircularDependencyA {
private CircularDependencyB circB;
@Autowired
public void setCircB(CircularDependencyB circB) {
this.circB = circB;
}
public CircularDependencyB getCircB() {
return circB;
}
}
@Component
public class CircularDependencyB {
private CircularDependencyA circA;
private String message = "Hi!";
@Autowired
public void setCircA(CircularDependencyA circA) {
this.circA = circA;
}
public String getMessage() {
return message;
}
}
@RunWith(SpringJUnit4ClassRunner.class)
@ContextConfiguration(classes = { TestConfig.class })
public class CircularDependencyTest {
@Autowired
ApplicationContext context;
@Bean
public CircularDependencyA getCircularDependencyA() {
return new CircularDependencyA();
}
@Bean
public CircularDependencyB getCircularDependencyB() {
return new CircularDependencyB();
}
@Test
public void givenCircularDependency_whenSetterInjection_thenItWorks() {
CircularDependencyA circA = context.getBean(CircularDependencyA.class);
Assert.assertEquals("Hi!", circA.getCircB().getMessage());
}
}
4.4 使用@PostConstruct
@Component
public class CircularDependencyA {
@Autowired
private CircularDependencyB circB;
@PostConstruct
public void init() {
circB.setCircA(this);
}
public CircularDependencyB getCircB() {
return circB;
}
}
@Component
public class CircularDependencyB {
private CircularDependencyA circA;
private String message = "Hi!";
public void setCircA(CircularDependencyA circA) {
this.circA = circA;
}
public String getMessage() {
return message;
}
4.5 实现ApplicationContextAware与InitializingBean
@Component
public class CircularDependencyA implements ApplicationContextAware, InitializingBean {
private CircularDependencyB circB;
private ApplicationContext context;
public CircularDependencyB getCircB() {
return circB;
}
@Override
public void afterPropertiesSet() throws Exception {
circB = context.getBean(CircularDependencyB.class);
}
@Override
public void setApplicationContext(final ApplicationContext ctx) throws BeansException {
context = ctx;
}
}
@Component
public class CircularDependencyB {
private CircularDependencyA circA;
private String message = "Hi!";
@Autowired
public void setCircA(CircularDependencyA circA) {
this.circA = circA;
}
public String getMessage() {
return message;
}
}
5.总结
处理循环依赖有多种方式。首先考虑是否能够通过重新设计依赖来避免循环依赖。如果确实需要循环依赖，那么可以通过前文提到的方式来处理。优先建议使用setter注入来解决。
